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Sunday, 11 December 2016

Zeta Function at Negative Integers

In my previous post I mentioned that there is a connection between analytic expansion value of zeta function at negative integers and a geometrical method. It turns out that the proof is very simple. We know that \zeta(-n)=-\frac{B_{n+1}}{n+1}
where B_n is the nth Bernoulli number. Bernoulli numbers are defined as
B_0=1
B_m=-\frac{1}{m+1}\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}{{m+1}\choose{k}}B_k \hspace{12 mm} m \geq 1
From Faulhaber's formula we know that,
S_k(n)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}i^k=\frac{1}{k+1}\sum_{j=0}^{k}{{k+1}\choose{j}}B_jn^{k+1-j}

Integrating S_k(x) from -1 to 0,
\int_{-1}^{0}S_k(x)dx=\frac{1}{k+1}\sum_{j=0}^{k}{{k+1}\choose{j}}B_j\int_{-1}^{0}x^{k+1-j}dx
=\frac{1}{k+1}\sum_{j=0}^{k}{{k+1}\choose{j}}\frac{B_j}{k+2-j}
=\frac{1}{(k+1)(k+2)}\sum_{j=0}^{k}{{k+2}\choose{j}}B_j
=-\frac{B_{k+1}}{k+1}=\zeta(-k)

So the small area enclosed by S_k(x) around the x-axis is exactly equal to \zeta(-k).

Derivation of the \zeta(-n) can be found here. We need to know the value of zeta function for even positive integers to derive it. A nice proof for even positive integers is described here.

Thanks for reading :)

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